* ************************************************************************
* * SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL AND CODE FOR THE ANALYSIS IN MANUSCRIPT: ******
* * NAME: "The Unintended Costs and Unfulfilled Promises of Concurrent   *
* *        Elections: A Natural Experiment of Turnout and Invalid Voting *
**************************************************************************

*IMPORTING DATASET - need to change the pathway from the datasource on your PC
use "\CONCURRENCE_DATA.dta"

* GENERAL NOTES ON REGIONAL ELECTIONS AND OTHER CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION:  *
**************************************************************************
* elections in 2000 and 2012 were held concurrently with the Senate elections in the same senate districts
* elections in 2004 and 2016 were held concurrently with the Senate elections in the same senate districts
* in 2016 the National Electoral Commission unified the color of ballot envelopes and ballots for the Senate and regional elections
* in 2012, there was a significant rise in invalid voting due to the protests against unpopular government

*VARIABLE NAMES AND CODING OF THE VARIABLES

*N = Identificator of cases
*ID_N = Identificator of the electoral precinct within electoral cycle
*MUNICIPALITY_CODE = Municipality code
*MUNICIPALITY_NAME = Municipality name
*DISTRICT_NAME = Administrative district name (76 administrative districts "Okres")
*REGION_NAME = Region name (14 regions - self-government units "Kraj")
*YEAR = Year of the elections
*INHABITANTS = Number of inhabitants in a municipality
*LOG_INHABITANTS = Logged number of inhabitants in a municipality
*MUNICIPALITY_OVER_10K = Dummy variable indicating a municipality with pop. above 10 000
*PRECINCT_NUMBER_2016 = Number of the electoral precinct in the yeat 2016
*Identifikator = id code for merging with a shapefile - CUZAK (the municiplaity code and the precinct number)
*ELIGIBLE_VOTERS = Voters in the electoral roll - regional elections
*ISSUED_ENVELOPES = Issued envelopes - regional elections
*RETURNED_ENVELOPES = Returned envelopes - regional elections
*VALID_VOTES = Valid votes - regional elections
*TURNOUT = Turnout in % - regional elections  -  MAIN DEPENDENT VARIABLE
*INVALID_VOTES = Invalid votes - regional elections
*INVALID_VOTES_pct = Invalid votes share in % - regional elections - MAIN DEPENDENT VARIABLE
*CONCURRENCE = CONCURRENCE = 1 / 0 otherwise
*SENATE_NUM = Number of the Senate district
*THIRDS_SEN_SEATS = thirds of the Senate seats (1 = first third 1996, 2 = second third 1998, 3 = third third 2000)
*SENATE_NUM_YEAR = Number of the Senate district/seat in given electoral year
*SENATE_SEAT_NAME = Name of the Senate district/seat
*SENATE_NUM_CYCLE = Number of the Senate district/seat in given electoral cycle identifying the electoral period
*ELIGIBLE_VOTERS_SEN = Voters in the electoral roll - regional elections
*ISSUED_ENVELOPES_SEN = Issued envelopes - senate elections
*RETURNED_ENVELOPES_SEN = Returned envelopes - senate elections
*VALID_VOTES_SEN = Valid votes - senate elections
*INVALID_VOTES_SEN = Invalid votes - senate elections
*INVALID_VOTES_per_SEN = Invalid votes share in % - senate elections
*TURNOUT_SEN = Turnout in % - regional elections
*DIFF_SEN_REG_TURNOUT = Difference in turnout in regional and senate elections in concurrent electoral precinct
*DIFF_SEN_REG_INVALIDS = Difference in the invalid votes share in regional and senate elections in concurrent electoral precinct
*DIFF_SEN_REG_ISSUED_ENV = Difference in the issued envelopes in regional and senate elections in concurrent electoral precinct
*SAME_TURNOUT = Dummy indicating the same turnout for regional and senate elections in concurrent electoral precinct
*BUILDINGS = Number of buildings in electoral precinct
*INHABITANTS_PREC = Inhabitants in electoral precinct
*INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS = Inhabitants per building ratio
*MALES = Males
*FEMALES = Females
*DIVORCED = Divorced
*v0_14_age = 0-14 years
*v65_age = 65+ years
*COLLEGE = College degree
*SEC_MAT_EDU = Secondary education with maturita
*SEC_EDU = Secondary education
*PRIMARY_EDU = Primary education
*CATHOLICS = Catholics
*EMPLOYED = Employed
*SELF_EMPLOYED = Self-employed
*UNEMPLOYED = Unemployed
*ELDERLY = Elderly (unemployed)
*MALES_pct = Males  (%)
*FEMALES_pct = Females  (%)
*DIVORCED_pct = Divorced (%)
*v0_14_age_pct = 0-14 years (%)
*v65_age_pct = 65+ years (%)
*COLLAGE_pct = College degree (%)*
*SEC_MAT_EDU_pct = Secondary education with maturita (%)*
*SEC_EDU_pct = Secondary education (%)*
*PRIMARY_EDU_pct = Primary education (%)*
*CATHOLICS_pct = Catholics (%)
*EMPLOYED_pct = Employed (%)
*SELF_EMPLOYED_pct = Self-employed (%)
*UNEMPLOYED_pct = Unemployed (%)
*ELDERLY_pct = Elderly (unemployed) (%)
*GE_TURNOUT_BEFORE = Turnout in general elections immediately preceding the regional elections
*GE_TURNOUT_AFTER = Turnout in general elections immediately succeeding the regional elections
*DID_RE_GE_TURNOUT = The difference of regional election (RE) turnout to turnout in the preceding general election (GE) - MAIN DEPENDENT VARIABLE
*DID_RE_GE_TURNOUT_after = The difference of regional election (RE) turnout to turnout in the succeeding general election (GE)
*DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT = The difference of regional election (RE) turnout to turnout in the preceding regional election (RE t-1)
*DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT_NONCONCCURENCE = The difference of regional election (RE) turnout to turnout in the preceding regional election (RE t-1)  - previous concurrence excluded (group C)
*GE_INVALIDS_BEFORE = Invalid votes (%) in general elections immediately preceding the regional elections
*GE_INVALIDS_AFTER = Invalid votes (%) in general elections immediately succeeding the regional elections
*DID_RE_GE_INVALIDS = The difference of regional election (RE) invalid votes (%) to  invalid votes (%)  in the preceding general election (GE) - MAIN DEPENDENT VARIABLE
*DID_RE_GE_INVALIDS_after = The difference of regional election (RE) invalid votes (%) to  invalid votes (%)  in the succeeding general election (GE)
*DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS = The difference of regional election (RE) invalid votes (%) to invalid votes (%) in the preceding regional election (GE t-1)
*DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS_NONCONCCURENCE = The difference of regional election (RE) invalid votes (%) to invalid votes (%) in the preceding regional election (GE t-1) - previous concurrence excluded (group C)
*CONCURRENCE_16 = Dummy indicating CONCURRENCE = 1 / 0 otherwise in the elections 2016
*CONCURRENCE_12 = Dummy indicating CONCURRENCE = 1 / 0 otherwise in the elections 2012
*CONCURRENCE_08 = Dummy indicating CONCURRENCE = 1 / 0 otherwise in the elections 2008
*CONCURRENCE_04 = Dummy indicating CONCURRENCE = 1 / 0 otherwise in the elections 2004
*CONCURRENCE_00 = Dummy indicating CONCURRENCE = 1 / 0 otherwise in the elections 2000
*CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC = Dummy indicating that in the electoral precint in previous regional elections was concurrence with senate elections
*TREATMENT_16_12 = Dummy indicating CONCURRENCE in time t and in the time t-1 in the same concurrent precinct for the cases of the 2016 and 2012 elections
*TREATMENT_12_08 = Dummy indicating CONCURRENCE in time t and in the time t-1 in the same concurrent precinct for the cases of the 2012 and 2008 elections
*TREATMENT_08_04 = Dummy indicating CONCURRENCE in time t and in the time t-1 in the same concurrent precinct for the cases of the 2008 and 2004 elections
*TREATMENT_04_00 = Dummy indicating CONCURRENCE in time t and in the time t-1 in the same concurrent precinct for the cases of the 2004 and 2000 elections
*SELECT_16_12 = Selection (1) of the precincts of the Group A and Group B in 2016 and 2012 elections
*SELECT_12_08 = Selection (1) of the precincts of the Group A and Group B in 2012 and 2008 elections
*SELECT_08_04 = Selection (1) of the precincts of the Group A and Group B in 2008 and 2004 elections
*SELECT_04_00 = Selection (1) of the precincts of the Group A and Group B in 2004 and 2000 elections
*CYCLES_16_12 = Selection (1) of the cases of the 2016 and 2012 elections
*CYCLES_12_08 = Selection (1) of the cases of the 2012 and 2008 elections
*CYCLES_08_04 = Selection (1) of the cases of the 2008 and 2004 elections
*CYCLES_04_00 = Selection (1) of the cases of the 2004 and 2000 elections
*YEAR2016 = Dummy indicating year 2016
*YEAR2012 = Dummy indicating year 2012
*YEAR2008 = Dummy indicating year 2008
*YEAR2004 = Dummy indicating year 2004
*YEAR2000 = Dummy indicating year 2000

* CONCURRENCE, PRECINCT GROUPS AND RECODING OF VARIABLES  - RUN BEFORE ANALYSIS !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

* There are three groups of electoral precincts in each regional elections. 
* The Group A, in which the concurrence occurred in period t and not occurred in period t-1. 
* The Group B of fully non-concurrent precinct in period t as well as in the preceding period t-1. 
* The Group C, which were not concurrent in period t but were concurrent in the preceding period t-1.

*Generating the group B 
gen NONCONCURRENCE = CONCURRENCE + CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC
recode NONCONCURRENCE (1=0) (0=1)
*There is 96 cases of redistricting of electoral precinct so the concurrent elections were two times in two consecutive elections

*Generating cathegorical variable indicating three groups of precinctc. Group A = 1 , Group B = 2, Group C = 3
egen GROUPS=group(CONCURRENCE CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC NONCONCURRENCE)
label define GROUPS 1 "Concurrence" 2 "Concurrence t-1" 3 "Non-concurrence"
recode GROUPS (1=1 "Non-concurrence") (2=2 "Concurrence t-1") (3=3 "Concurrence"), gen(GROUPS_3CAT)
*deleting the precincts in which two concurrently held elections in consecutive electoral period! 
gsort -GROUPS_3CAT
drop in 1/96

*transforming string variable to nummeric
encode(REGION_NAME), gen(REGION_NAME_CAT)
encode(SENATE_SEAT_NAME), gen(SENATE_SEAT_NAME_CAT)

replace CONCURRENCE_12=0 if CONCURRENCE_12==.
replace CONCURRENCE_08=0 if CONCURRENCE_08==.
replace CONCURRENCE_04=0 if CONCURRENCE_04==.
replace CONCURRENCE_00=0 if CONCURRENCE_00==.






* Responses to the reviewers:
* Please here find additional models that were requested.

* 1) DV: turnout, all cases, all elections are pooled in a single model

*Table 2 - adding the pooled model !
***************************************
gen temp = 1
reghdfe TURNOUT CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM i.REGION_NAME_CAT i.YEAR, absorb(temp) cluster(ID_N YEAR)
estimates store DC_PRECINCT_YEAR
drop temp


*alternative specifications and comparisons

*OLS
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.REGION_NAME_CAT i.YEAR
estimates store OLS


*OLS - dummies - regions, senate, year
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM i.REGION_NAME_CAT i.YEAR
estimates store OLS_DUMM

*Double clustered - 14 Czech Regions and Year
egen double_cluster=group(REGION_NAME YEAR)
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM i.REGION_NAME_CAT i.YEAR, vce(cluster double_cluster)
drop double_cluster
estimates store DC_14REG_YEAR

*Double clustered - Senate districts and Year
egen double_cluster=group(SENATE_NUM YEAR)
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM i.REGION_NAME_CAT i.YEAR, vce(cluster double_cluster)
drop double_cluster
estimates store DC_81SEN_YEAR

*Double clustered - electoral precinct and Year
gen temp = 1
reghdfe TURNOUT CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM i.REGION_NAME_CAT i.YEAR, absorb(temp) cluster(ID_N YEAR)
estimates store DC_PRECINCT_YEAR
drop temp

*Fixed effecs - precinct 
xtset ID_N YEAR

xtreg TURNOUT CONCURRENCE LOG_INHABITANTS i.YEAR, fe
estimates store FE_PRECINCT

*Random effecs - precinct 
xtreg TURNOUT CONCURRENCE LOG_INHABITANTS i.YEAR, fe
estimates store RE_PRECINCT

*Random effecs - random intercept - Senate and region 
xtmixed TURNOUT CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.YEAR || SENATE_NUM: || REGION_NAME_CAT:
estimates store RE_SEN_REG


* Comparing results
estout OLS OLS_DUMM DC_14REG_YEAR DC_81SEN_YEAR DC_PRECINCT_YEAR FE_PRECINCT RE_PRECINCT RE_SEN_REG, cells(b(star fmt(3)) se(par fmt(3))) starlevels(* 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0.01) stats(r2 N)



* 2) Difference in difference classic research design
* DV: Turnout in regional elections, always pairs of precinctcs

*new Table 3: Difference-in-differences 
reg TURNOUT CONCURRENCE i.YEAR if SELECT_16_12==0 & CYCLES_16_12==1
reg TURNOUT CONCURRENCE i.YEAR if SELECT_12_08==0 & CYCLES_12_08==1
reg TURNOUT CONCURRENCE i.YEAR if SELECT_08_04==0 & CYCLES_08_04==1
reg TURNOUT CONCURRENCE i.YEAR if SELECT_04_00==0 & CYCLES_04_00==1

reg INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE i.YEAR if SELECT_16_12==0 & CYCLES_16_12==1
reg INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE i.YEAR if SELECT_12_08==0 & CYCLES_12_08==1
reg INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE i.YEAR if SELECT_08_04==0 & CYCLES_08_04==1
reg INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE i.YEAR if SELECT_04_00==0 & CYCLES_04_00==1


*including all cases
reg TURNOUT CONCURRENCE i.YEAR if CYCLES_16_12==1
reg TURNOUT CONCURRENCE i.YEAR if CYCLES_12_08==1
reg TURNOUT CONCURRENCE i.YEAR if CYCLES_08_04==1
reg TURNOUT CONCURRENCE i.YEAR if CYCLES_04_00==1

reg INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE i.YEAR if CYCLES_16_12==1
reg INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE i.YEAR if CYCLES_12_08==1
reg INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE i.YEAR if CYCLES_08_04==1
reg INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE i.YEAR if CYCLES_04_00==1



*this gives the similar result as the linear regression in respective year a concurrence dummmy. 
reg TURNOUT CONCURRENCE_16 CONCURRENCE_12 i.YEAR if CYCLES_16_12==1
reg TURNOUT CONCURRENCE_12 CONCURRENCE_08 i.YEAR if CYCLES_12_08==1
reg TURNOUT CONCURRENCE_08 CONCURRENCE_04 i.YEAR if CYCLES_08_04==1
reg TURNOUT CONCURRENCE_04 CONCURRENCE_00 i.YEAR if CYCLES_04_00==1


* the difference is given by the fact that the average turnout differed across elections, ommiting time dummy will bias coefficients. 
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2016 & SELECT_16_12==0 
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2012 & SELECT_12_08==0 
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2008 & SELECT_08_04==0 
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2004 & SELECT_04_00==0 

reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2016 
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2012 
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2008 
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2004  


*pooled model, all data.
gen temp = 1
reghdfe DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT CONCURRENCE CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM i.REGION_NAME_CAT i.YEAR, absorb(temp) cluster(ID_N YEAR)
drop temp


*Alternative control models:

*all data for the two perriods but including 
reg TURNOUT CONCURRENCE CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC i.YEAR if CYCLES_16_12==1
reg TURNOUT CONCURRENCE CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC i.YEAR if CYCLES_12_08==1
reg TURNOUT CONCURRENCE CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC i.YEAR if CYCLES_08_04==1
reg TURNOUT CONCURRENCE i.YEAR if CYCLES_08_04==1


* DV: change in the turnout "DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT", all cases, all elections are pooled in a single model

*The difference of regional election (RE) turnout to turnout in the preceding regional election (RE t-1) but excluded precincts of the Group C,
* which were not concurrent in period t but were concurrent in the preceding period t-1.
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2016 & SELECT_16_12==0 
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2012 & SELECT_12_08==0 
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2008 & SELECT_08_04==0 
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2004 & SELECT_04_00==0 

*all cases, but with dummy variable indicating preceding concurrence
regress DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT CONCURRENCE CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC if YEAR==2016
regress DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT CONCURRENCE CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC if YEAR==2012
regress DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT CONCURRENCE CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC if YEAR==2008
regress DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT CONCURRENCE CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC if YEAR==2004


* With controls:
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS  if YEAR==2016 & SELECT_16_12==0 
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS  if YEAR==2012 & SELECT_12_08==0 
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2008 & SELECT_08_04==0 
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2004 & SELECT_04_00==0 

* With controls and fixed effects
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM i.REGION_NAME_CAT if YEAR==2016 & SELECT_16_12==0 
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM i.REGION_NAME_CAT if YEAR==2012 & SELECT_12_08==0 
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM i.REGION_NAME_CAT if YEAR==2008 & SELECT_08_04==0 
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM i.REGION_NAME_CAT if YEAR==2004 & SELECT_04_00==0 


reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT i.GROUPS_3CAT if YEAR==2016
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT i.GROUPS_3CAT if YEAR==2012
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT i.GROUPS_3CAT if YEAR==2008
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT i.GROUPS_3CAT if YEAR==2004


reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT i.GROUPS_3CAT MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM i.REGION_NAME_CAT if YEAR==2016
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT i.GROUPS_3CAT MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM i.REGION_NAME_CAT if YEAR==2012
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT i.GROUPS_3CAT MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM i.REGION_NAME_CAT if YEAR==2008
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT i.GROUPS_3CAT MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM i.REGION_NAME_CAT if YEAR==2004



* all elections are pooled in a single model
gen temp = 1
reghdfe DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT CONCURRENCE CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM i.REGION_NAME_CAT i.YEAR, absorb(temp) cluster(ID_N YEAR)
drop temp

reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT CONCURRENCE CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM i.REGION_NAME_CAT i.YEAR

reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT_NONCONCCURENCE CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM i.REGION_NAME_CAT i.YEAR

gen temp = 1
reghdfe DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS CONCURRENCE CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM i.REGION_NAME_CAT i.YEAR, absorb(temp) cluster(ID_N YEAR)
drop temp

reg DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS CONCURRENCE CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM i.REGION_NAME_CAT i.YEAR






*****************************************************************************************************************************************
*****************************************************************************************************************************************
* *************************************************  ANALYSIS ***************************************************************************
*****************************************************************************************************************************************
*****************************************************************************************************************************************
* The treatment is the CONCURRENCE variable (coded as 1 if present, 0 otherwise) of the regional and senate elections in the electoral precinct 
* The descriptive statistics which is located in the Supplementary material section of the paper. 

* In the next step, we proceed with the balance tests of the relevant socioeconomic variables 
* Testing for the effect of concurrence on turnout and invalid votes in three sub-sections:
* 1) REGRESSION MODELS
* 2) DIFFERENCE-IN-DIFFERENCE
* 3) MATCHING METHODS

*****************************************************************************************************************************************
*****************************************************************************************************************************************

*********************** Summary statistics table ****************
*****************************************************************
sum TURNOUT INVALID_VOTES_pct DID_RE_GE_TURNOUT DID_RE_GE_INVALIDS DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS CONCURRENCE MALES_pct  v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct DIVORCED_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2016
sum TURNOUT INVALID_VOTES_pct DID_RE_GE_TURNOUT DID_RE_GE_INVALIDS DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS CONCURRENCE MALES_pct  v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct DIVORCED_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2012
sum TURNOUT INVALID_VOTES_pct DID_RE_GE_TURNOUT DID_RE_GE_INVALIDS DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS CONCURRENCE MALES_pct  v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct DIVORCED_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2008
sum TURNOUT INVALID_VOTES_pct DID_RE_GE_TURNOUT DID_RE_GE_INVALIDS DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS CONCURRENCE MALES_pct  v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct DIVORCED_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2004
sum TURNOUT INVALID_VOTES_pct DID_RE_GE_TURNOUT DID_RE_GE_INVALIDS_00 DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS CONCURRENCE MALES_pct  v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct DIVORCED_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2000

*summary tables for all the cases
sum TURNOUT INVALID_VOTES_pct DID_RE_GE_TURNOUT DID_RE_GE_INVALIDS DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS



********************* Balance tests  ****************************
*****************************************************************

* TABLE 1:  Balance tests of the regional and Senate elections
oneway  MALES_pct THIRDS_SEN_SEATS if YEAR==2016, tabulate
oneway  DIVORCED_pct THIRDS_SEN_SEATS if YEAR==2016, tabulate
oneway  v0_14_age_pct THIRDS_SEN_SEATS if YEAR==2016, tabulate
oneway  v65_age_pct THIRDS_SEN_SEATS if YEAR==2016, tabulate
oneway  COLLEGE_pct THIRDS_SEN_SEATS if YEAR==2016, tabulate
oneway  SEC_MAT_EDU_pct THIRDS_SEN_SEATS if YEAR==2016, tabulate
oneway  SEC_EDU_pct THIRDS_SEN_SEATS if YEAR==2016, tabulate
oneway  PRIMARY_EDU_pct THIRDS_SEN_SEATS if YEAR==2016, tabulate
oneway  CATHOLICS_pct THIRDS_SEN_SEATS if YEAR==2016, tabulate
oneway  EMPLOYED_pct THIRDS_SEN_SEATS if YEAR==2016, tabulate
oneway  SELF_EMPLOYED_pct THIRDS_SEN_SEATS if YEAR==2016, tabulate
oneway  UNEMPLOYED_pct THIRDS_SEN_SEATS if YEAR==2016, tabulate
oneway  ELDERLY_pct THIRDS_SEN_SEATS if YEAR==2016, tabulate
oneway  LOG_INHABITANTS THIRDS_SEN_SEATS if YEAR==2016, tabulate
oneway  INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS THIRDS_SEN_SEATS if YEAR==2016, tabulate




* comparing the treatment group in a given electoral period to control groups that is always *
* formed of the other two groups of senatorial districts by means of t-test: 

*ALL CASES
ttest MALES_pct, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest DIVORCED_pct, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest v0_14_age_pct, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest v65_age_pct, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest COLLEGE_pct, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest SEC_MAT_EDU_pct, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest SEC_EDU_pct, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest PRIMARY_EDU_pct, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest CATHOLICS_pct, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest EMPLOYED_pct, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest SELF_EMPLOYED_pct, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest UNEMPLOYED_pct, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest ELDERLY_pct, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest LOG_INHABITANTS, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS, by(CONCURRENCE)

*YEAR 2016
ttest MALES_pct if YEAR==2016, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest DIVORCED_pct if YEAR==2016, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest v0_14_age_pct if YEAR==2016, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest v65_age_pct if YEAR==2016, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest COLLEGE_pct if YEAR==2016, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest SEC_MAT_EDU_pct if YEAR==2016, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest SEC_EDU_pct if YEAR==2016, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest PRIMARY_EDU_pct if YEAR==2016, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest CATHOLICS_pct if YEAR==2016, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest EMPLOYED_pct if YEAR==2016, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest SELF_EMPLOYED_pct if YEAR==2016, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest UNEMPLOYED_pct if YEAR==2016, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest ELDERLY_pct if YEAR==2016, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest LOG_INHABITANTS if YEAR==2016, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2016, by(CONCURRENCE)

*YEAR 2012
ttest MALES_pct if YEAR==2012, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest DIVORCED_pct if YEAR==2012, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest v0_14_age_pct if YEAR==2012, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest v65_age_pct if YEAR==2012, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest COLLEGE_pct if YEAR==2012, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest SEC_MAT_EDU_pct if YEAR==2012, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest SEC_EDU_pct if YEAR==2012, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest PRIMARY_EDU_pct if YEAR==2012, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest CATHOLICS_pct if YEAR==2012, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest EMPLOYED_pct if YEAR==2012, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest SELF_EMPLOYED_pct if YEAR==2012, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest UNEMPLOYED_pct if YEAR==2012, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest ELDERLY_pct if YEAR==2012, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest LOG_INHABITANTS if YEAR==2012, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2012, by(CONCURRENCE)

*YEAR 2008
ttest MALES_pct if YEAR==2008, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest DIVORCED_pct if YEAR==2008, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest v0_14_age_pct if YEAR==2008, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest v65_age_pct if YEAR==2008, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest COLLEGE_pct if YEAR==2008, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest SEC_MAT_EDU_pct if YEAR==2008, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest SEC_EDU_pct if YEAR==2008, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest PRIMARY_EDU_pct if YEAR==2008, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest CATHOLICS_pct if YEAR==2008, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest EMPLOYED_pct if YEAR==2008, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest SELF_EMPLOYED_pct if YEAR==2008, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest UNEMPLOYED_pct if YEAR==2008, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest ELDERLY_pct if YEAR==2008, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest LOG_INHABITANTS if YEAR==2008, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2008, by(CONCURRENCE)

*YEAR 2004
ttest MALES_pct if YEAR==2004, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest DIVORCED_pct if YEAR==2004, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest v0_14_age_pct if YEAR==2004, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest v65_age_pct if YEAR==2004, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest COLLEGE_pct if YEAR==2004, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest SEC_MAT_EDU_pct if YEAR==2004, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest SEC_EDU_pct if YEAR==2004, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest PRIMARY_EDU_pct if YEAR==2004, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest CATHOLICS_pct if YEAR==2004, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest EMPLOYED_pct if YEAR==2004, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest SELF_EMPLOYED_pct if YEAR==2004, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest UNEMPLOYED_pct if YEAR==2004, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest ELDERLY_pct if YEAR==2004, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest LOG_INHABITANTS if YEAR==2004, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2004, by(CONCURRENCE)

*YEAR 2000
ttest MALES_pct if YEAR==2000, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest DIVORCED_pct if YEAR==2000, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest v0_14_age_pct if YEAR==2000, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest v65_age_pct if YEAR==2000, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest COLLEGE_pct if YEAR==2000, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest SEC_MAT_EDU_pct if YEAR==2000, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest SEC_EDU_pct if YEAR==2000, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest PRIMARY_EDU_pct if YEAR==2000, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest CATHOLICS_pct if YEAR==2000, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest EMPLOYED_pct if YEAR==2000, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest SELF_EMPLOYED_pct if YEAR==2000, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest UNEMPLOYED_pct if YEAR==2000, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest ELDERLY_pct if YEAR==2000, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest LOG_INHABITANTS if YEAR==2000, by(CONCURRENCE)
ttest INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2000, by(CONCURRENCE)


***  BALANCE TEST GENERAL ELECTIONS TURNOUT *** 
* Additionally, following existing research we have added balance tests of turnout levels    *
* in the preceding and following parliamentary elections (GE) (see Fauvelle-Aymar 2015):                                    

* GE elections 2017 and concurrence 2016
ttest GE_TURNOUT_AFTER if YEAR==2016, by(CONCURRENCE)
* GE elections 2013 and concurrence 2016
ttest GE_TURNOUT_BEFORE if YEAR==2016, by(CONCURRENCE)
* GE elections 2013 and concurrence 2012
ttest GE_TURNOUT_AFTER if YEAR==2012, by(CONCURRENCE)
* GE elections 2010 and concurrence 2012
ttest GE_TURNOUT_BEFORE if YEAR==2012, by(CONCURRENCE)
* GE elections 2010 and concurrence 2008
ttest GE_TURNOUT_AFTER if YEAR==2008, by(CONCURRENCE)
* GE elections 2006 and concurrence 2008
ttest GE_TURNOUT_BEFORE if YEAR==2008, by(CONCURRENCE)
* GE elections 2006 and concurrence 2004
ttest GE_TURNOUT_AFTER if YEAR==2004, by(CONCURRENCE)
* GE elections 2002 and concurrence 2004
ttest GE_TURNOUT_BEFORE if YEAR==2004, by(CONCURRENCE)
* GE elections 2002 and concurrence 2000
ttest GE_TURNOUT_AFTER if YEAR==2000, by(CONCURRENCE)
* GE elections 1998 and concurrence 2000
ttest GE_TURNOUT_BEFORE if YEAR==2000, by(CONCURRENCE)

*Fauvelle-Aymar, C., & François, A. (2015). Mobilization, cost of voting and turnout: a natural randomized experiment with double elections. Public Choice, 162(1-2), 183-199.

**********************************************************************************************************************************************************************
************************************************** 1) REGRESSION MODELS **********************************************************************************************
**********************************************************************************************************************************************************************

* this section shows various regression models
* 1) we start with basic OLS with no controls
* 2) with unbalanced controls
* 3) with all the controls



*Table 2: Results from the natural experiment
*********************************************
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2016
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2012
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2008
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2004
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2000
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct  if YEAR==2016
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct if YEAR==2012
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE ELDERLY_pct CATHOLICS_pct   PRIMARY_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct v65_age_pct MALES_pct if YEAR==2008
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE ELDERLY_pct CATHOLICS_pct   PRIMARY_EDU_pct  SEC_MAT_EDU_pct COLLEGE_pct if YEAR==2004
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE  LOG_INHABITANTS SELF_EMPLOYED_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct  SEC_EDU_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct COLLEGE_pct if YEAR==2000
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2016
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2012
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2008
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2004
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2000
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct if YEAR==2016
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct if YEAR==2012
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE ELDERLY_pct CATHOLICS_pct   PRIMARY_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct v65_age_pct MALES_pct if YEAR==2008
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE ELDERLY_pct CATHOLICS_pct   PRIMARY_EDU_pct  SEC_MAT_EDU_pct COLLEGE_pct if YEAR==2004
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE  LOG_INHABITANTS SELF_EMPLOYED_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct  SEC_EDU_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct COLLEGE_pct if YEAR==2000


*Pooled model added in the table 2 as requested by reviewers. 
*Double clustered standard error given the dependency in data - electoral precinct and Year
gen temp = 1
reghdfe TURNOUT CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM i.REGION_NAME_CAT i.YEAR, absorb(temp) cluster(ID_N YEAR)
estimates store DC_PRECINCT_YEAR
drop temp
gen temp = 1
reghdfe INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM i.REGION_NAME_CAT i.YEAR, absorb(temp) cluster(ID_N YEAR)
estimates store DC_PRECINCT_YEAR
drop temp



*OTHER MODELS:
**************
*YEAR 2016
*DV: Turnout in % 
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2016
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct  if YEAR==2016
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct EMPLOYED_pct if YEAR==2016
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2016
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM if YEAR==2016

*DV: Invalid votes in % 
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2016
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct if YEAR==2016
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2016
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM if YEAR==2016

*YEAR 2012
*DV: Turnout in % 
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2012
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct if YEAR==2012
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2012
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM if YEAR==2012

*DV: Invalid votes in % 
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2012
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct if YEAR==2012
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2012

*YEAR 2008
*DV: Turnout in % 
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2008
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE ELDERLY_pct CATHOLICS_pct   PRIMARY_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct v65_age_pct MALES_pct if YEAR==2008
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2008
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM if YEAR==2008

*DV: Invalid votes in % 
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2008
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE ELDERLY_pct CATHOLICS_pct   PRIMARY_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct v65_age_pct MALES_pct if YEAR==2008
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2008

*YEAR 2004
*DV: Turnout in % 
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2004
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE ELDERLY_pct CATHOLICS_pct   PRIMARY_EDU_pct  SEC_MAT_EDU_pct COLLEGE_pct if YEAR==2004
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2004
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM if YEAR==2004

*DV: Invalid votes in % 
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2004
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE ELDERLY_pct CATHOLICS_pct   PRIMARY_EDU_pct  SEC_MAT_EDU_pct COLLEGE_pct if YEAR==2004
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2004


*YEAR 2000
*DV: Turnout in % 
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2000
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE  LOG_INHABITANTS SELF_EMPLOYED_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct  SEC_EDU_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct COLLEGE_pct if YEAR==2000
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2000
regress TURNOUT CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS i.SENATE_NUM if YEAR==2000

*DV: Invalid votes in % 
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2000
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE  LOG_INHABITANTS SELF_EMPLOYED_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct  SEC_EDU_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct COLLEGE_pct if YEAR==2000
regress INVALID_VOTES_pct CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2000




*** TESTING THE "EFFECT" OF CONCURRENCE ON TURNOUT IN GENERAL ELECTIONS = ADDITIONAL TO BALANCE TESTS *
regress GE_TURNOUT_AFTER CONCURRENCE COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct EMPLOYED_pct if YEAR==2016
regress GE_TURNOUT_BEFORE CONCURRENCE COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct EMPLOYED_pct if YEAR==2016

regress GE_TURNOUT_AFTER CONCURRENCE COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct if YEAR==2012
regress GE_TURNOUT_BEFORE CONCURRENCE COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct if YEAR==2012

regress GE_TURNOUT_AFTER CONCURRENCE ELDERLY_pct CATHOLICS_pct   PRIMARY_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct v65_age_pct MALES_pct if YEAR==2008
regress GE_TURNOUT_BEFORE CONCURRENCE ELDERLY_pct CATHOLICS_pct   PRIMARY_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct v65_age_pct MALES_pct if YEAR==2008

regress GE_TURNOUT_AFTER CONCURRENCE ELDERLY_pct CATHOLICS_pct   PRIMARY_EDU_pct  SEC_MAT_EDU_pct COLLEGE_pct if YEAR==2004
regress GE_TURNOUT_BEFORE CONCURRENCE ELDERLY_pct CATHOLICS_pct   PRIMARY_EDU_pct  SEC_MAT_EDU_pct COLLEGE_pct if YEAR==2004

regress GE_TURNOUT_AFTER CONCURRENCE  LOG_INHABITANTS SELF_EMPLOYED_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct  SEC_EDU_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct COLLEGE_pct if YEAR==2000
regress GE_TURNOUT_BEFORE CONCURRENCE  LOG_INHABITANTS SELF_EMPLOYED_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct  SEC_EDU_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct COLLEGE_pct if YEAR==2000


*** HLM REGRESSION - ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS ("OKRESY") MODELED AS THE SECOND LEVEL *** 
* NO CONTROLS
xtmixed TURNOUT CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2016 || DISTRICT_NAME:
xtmixed TURNOUT CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2012 || DISTRICT_NAME:
xtmixed TURNOUT CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2008 || DISTRICT_NAME:
xtmixed TURNOUT CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2004 || DISTRICT_NAME:
xtmixed TURNOUT CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2000 || DISTRICT_NAME:
* WITH UNBALANCED CONTROLS
xtmixed TURNOUT CONCURRENCE COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct EMPLOYED_pct if YEAR==2016 || DISTRICT_NAME:
xtmixed TURNOUT CONCURRENCE COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct if YEAR==2012 || DISTRICT_NAME:
xtmixed TURNOUT CONCURRENCE ELDERLY_pct CATHOLICS_pct   PRIMARY_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct v65_age_pct MALES_pct if YEAR==2008 || DISTRICT_NAME:
xtmixed TURNOUT CONCURRENCE ELDERLY_pct CATHOLICS_pct   PRIMARY_EDU_pct  SEC_MAT_EDU_pct COLLEGE_pct if YEAR==2004 || DISTRICT_NAME:
xtmixed TURNOUT CONCURRENCE  LOG_INHABITANTS SELF_EMPLOYED_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct  SEC_EDU_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct COLLEGE_pct if YEAR==2000 || DISTRICT_NAME:





**********************************************************************************************************************************************************************
************************************************** 2) DIFFERENCE-IN-DIFFERENCE****************************************************************************************
**********************************************************************************************************************************************************************

* Table 3: Difference-in-difference
reg DID_RE_GE_TURNOUT CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2016
reg DID_RE_GE_TURNOUT CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2012
reg DID_RE_GE_TURNOUT CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2008
reg DID_RE_GE_TURNOUT CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2004
reg DID_RE_GE_TURNOUT CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2000
reg DID_RE_GE_INVALIDS CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2016
reg DID_RE_GE_INVALIDS CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2012
reg DID_RE_GE_INVALIDS CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2008
reg DID_RE_GE_INVALIDS CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2004
reg DID_RE_GE_INVALIDS CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2000

* see Leininger, A., Rudolph, L., & Zittlau, S. (2018). How to increase turnout in low-salience elections: quasi-experimental evidence on the effect *
*                     of concurrent second-order elections on political participation. Political Science Research and Methods, Vol 6, No. 3, 509–526 *




**************************************************************************************************
***********************other DiD models and specifications****************************************
**************************************************************************************************
*Turnout in %
*************
* DiD RE - RE = the difference of regional election (RE) turnout to turnout in the preceding regional election (GE t-1)
regress DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT CONCURRENCE CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC if YEAR==2016
regress DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT CONCURRENCE CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC if YEAR==2012
regress DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT CONCURRENCE CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC if YEAR==2008
regress DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT CONCURRENCE CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC if YEAR==2004

regress DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT CONCURRENCE  NONCONCURRENCE  if YEAR==2016
regress DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT CONCURRENCE  NONCONCURRENCE  if YEAR==2012
regress DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT CONCURRENCE  NONCONCURRENCE  if YEAR==2008
regress DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT CONCURRENCE  NONCONCURRENCE  if YEAR==2004

*Mind that the variables CONCURRENCE (Group A) NONCONCURRENCE (Group B) and CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC (Group C) are fully multicollinear

*We can run the means test (ANOVA), the factor variable "GROUPS_3CAT" indetifying the each of the three groups, it gives the same results as regression models above
***********************
oneway DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT GROUPS_3CAT if YEAR==2016, tabulate
oneway DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT GROUPS_3CAT if YEAR==2012, tabulate
oneway DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT GROUPS_3CAT if YEAR==2008, tabulate
oneway DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT GROUPS_3CAT if YEAR==2004, tabulate
*for the year 2000 we do not have any preceding regional elections (the regions were established in 2000, the first electoral year)

*Package diff must be installed! All the cases analyzed jointly (Group A, B and C), gives similar results as regression models above
diff TURNOUT if CYCLES_16_12==1, period(YEAR2016) treated(TREATMENT_16_12)
diff TURNOUT if CYCLES_12_08==1, period(YEAR2012) treated(TREATMENT_12_08)
diff TURNOUT if CYCLES_08_04==1, period(YEAR2008) treated(TREATMENT_08_04)
diff TURNOUT if CYCLES_04_00==1, period(YEAR2004) treated(TREATMENT_04_00)


*The difference of regional election (RE) turnout to turnout in the preceding regional election (GE t-1) but excluded precincts of the Group C,
* which were not concurrent in period t but were concurrent in the preceding period t-1.
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2016 & SELECT_16_12==0 
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2012 & SELECT_12_08==0 
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2008 & SELECT_08_04==0 
reg DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT  CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2004 & SELECT_04_00==0 
*Because we have three groups of Senate districts resulting in precincts of Group A, B and C, this analysis is not valid and we have disregraded it in the paper

* Gives the same result as regression of the DV: DID_RE_RE_TURNOUT while excluding the group C
* this analysis is not valid and we have disregraded it in the paper
diff TURNOUT if SELECT_16_12==0 & CYCLES_16_12==1, period(YEAR2016) treated(TREATMENT_16_12)
diff TURNOUT if SELECT_12_08==0 & CYCLES_12_08==1, period(YEAR2012) treated(TREATMENT_12_08)
diff TURNOUT if SELECT_08_04==0 & CYCLES_08_04==1, period(YEAR2008) treated(TREATMENT_08_04)
diff TURNOUT if SELECT_04_00==0 & CYCLES_04_00==1, period(YEAR2004) treated(TREATMENT_04_00)


* Invalid votes in % **
***********************
* DiD RE - RE = the difference of regional election (RE) invalid votes share to invalid votes share in the preceding regional election (GE t-1)
regress DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS CONCURRENCE CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC if YEAR==2016
regress DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS CONCURRENCE CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC if YEAR==2012
regress DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS CONCURRENCE CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC if YEAR==2008
regress DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS CONCURRENCE CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC if YEAR==2004

regress DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS CONCURRENCE  NONCONCURRENCE  if YEAR==2016
regress DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS CONCURRENCE  NONCONCURRENCE  if YEAR==2012
regress DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS CONCURRENCE  NONCONCURRENCE  if YEAR==2008
regress DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS CONCURRENCE  NONCONCURRENCE  if YEAR==2004
*Mind that the variables CONCURRENCE (Group A) NONCONCURRENCE (Group B) and CONCURRENCE_PREV_CYC (Group C) are fully multicollinear

*We can run the means test (ANOVA), the factor variable "GROUPS_3CAT" indetifying the each of the three groups, it gives the same results as regression models above
***********************
oneway DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS GROUPS_3CAT if YEAR==2016, tabulate
oneway DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS GROUPS_3CAT if YEAR==2012, tabulate
oneway DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS GROUPS_3CAT if YEAR==2008, tabulate
oneway DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS GROUPS_3CAT if YEAR==2004, tabulate
*for the year 2000 we do not have any preceding regional elections (the regions were established in 2000, the first electoral year)

diff INVALID_VOTES_pct if SELECT_16_12==0 & CYCLES_16_12==1, period(YEAR2016) treated(TREATMENT_16_12)
diff INVALID_VOTES_pct if SELECT_12_08==0 & CYCLES_12_08==1, period(YEAR2012) treated(TREATMENT_12_08)
diff INVALID_VOTES_pct if SELECT_08_04==0 & CYCLES_08_04==1, period(YEAR2008) treated(TREATMENT_08_04)
diff INVALID_VOTES_pct if SELECT_04_00==0 & CYCLES_04_00==1, period(YEAR2004) treated(TREATMENT_04_00)


*The difference of regional election (RE) invalid votes share to invalid votes share in the preceding regional election (GE t-1) but excluded precincts of the Group C,
* which were not concurrent in period t but were concurrent in the preceding period t-1.
reg DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS  CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2016 & SELECT_16_12==0 
reg DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS  CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2012 & SELECT_12_08==0 
reg DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS  CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2008 & SELECT_08_04==0 
reg DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS  CONCURRENCE if YEAR==2004 & SELECT_04_00==0 
*Because we have three groups of Senate districts resulting in precincts of Group A, B and C, this analysis is not valid and we have disregraded it in the paper

* Gives the same result as regression of the DV: DID_RE_RE_INVALIDS while excluding the group C
* this analysis is not valid and we have disregraded it in the paper
diff INVALID_VOTES_pct if SELECT_16_12==0 & CYCLES_16_12==1, period(YEAR2016) treated(TREATMENT_16_12)
diff INVALID_VOTES_pct if SELECT_12_08==0 & CYCLES_12_08==1, period(YEAR2012) treated(TREATMENT_12_08)
diff INVALID_VOTES_pct if SELECT_08_04==0 & CYCLES_08_04==1, period(YEAR2008) treated(TREATMENT_08_04)
diff INVALID_VOTES_pct if SELECT_04_00==0 & CYCLES_04_00==1, period(YEAR2004) treated(TREATMENT_04_00)



**********************************************************************************************************************************************************************
************************************************** 3)   MATCHNING METHODS     ****************************************************************************************
**********************************************************************************************************************************************************************

*Table 4: Matching methods  
teffects psmatch (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2016
teffects psmatch (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2012
teffects psmatch (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2008
teffects psmatch (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2004
teffects psmatch (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2000

teffects psmatch (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2016
teffects psmatch (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2012
teffects psmatch (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2008
teffects psmatch (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2004
teffects psmatch (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2000




**** all other specifications ***

*****  TURNOUT    ****
**********************

* TEFFECTS
teffects psmatch (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS)
teffects psmatch (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2016
teffects psmatch (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2012
teffects psmatch (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2008
teffects psmatch (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2004
teffects psmatch (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2000

teffects psmatch (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS)
teffects psmatch (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2016, atet
teffects psmatch (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2012, atet
teffects psmatch (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2008, atet
teffects psmatch (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2004, atet
teffects psmatch (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2000, atet

teffects ipw (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS)
teffects ipw (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2016
teffects ipw (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2012
teffects ipw (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2008
teffects ipw (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2004
teffects ipw (TURNOUT) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2000

*tests
tebalance overid, nolog
* H0: Covariates are balanced:, above 0,05 is good.
tebalance summarize

* KMATCH
*Multivariate-distance matching (MD matching)
kmatch md CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS (TURNOUT), ate att atc nate po
kmatch md CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS (TURNOUT) if YEAR==2016, ate att atc nate po
kmatch md CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS (TURNOUT) if YEAR==2012, ate att atc nate po
kmatch md CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS (TURNOUT) if YEAR==2008, ate att atc nate po
kmatch md CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS (TURNOUT) if YEAR==2004, ate att atc nate po
kmatch md CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS (TURNOUT) if YEAR==2000, ate att atc nate po

*Propensity-score matching (PS matching)
kmatch ps CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS (TURNOUT) if YEAR==2016, ate att atc nate po
kmatch ps CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS (TURNOUT) if YEAR==2012, ate att atc nate po
kmatch ps CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS (TURNOUT) if YEAR==2008, ate att atc nate po
kmatch ps CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS (TURNOUT) if YEAR==2004, ate att atc nate po
kmatch ps CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS (TURNOUT) if YEAR==2000, ate att atc nate po

*PSMATCH2
psmatch2 CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2016 , out(TURNOUT) ate ai(1)
psmatch2 CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2012 , out(TURNOUT) ate ai(1)
psmatch2 CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2008 , out(TURNOUT) ate ai(1)
psmatch2 CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2004 , out(TURNOUT) ate ai(1)
psmatch2 CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2000 , out(TURNOUT) ate ai(1)

*without replacement
psmatch2 CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2016 , out(TURNOUT) neighbor(1) noreplacement ate ai(1)
psmatch2 CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2012 , out(TURNOUT) neighbor(1) noreplacement ate ai(1)
psmatch2 CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2008 , out(TURNOUT) neighbor(1) noreplacement ate ai(1)
psmatch2 CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2004 , out(TURNOUT) neighbor(1) noreplacement ate ai(1)
psmatch2 CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2000 , out(TURNOUT) neighbor(1) noreplacement ate ai(1)

*****INVALID VOTES ****
***********************

*TEFFECTS
teffects psmatch (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS)
teffects psmatch (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2016
teffects psmatch (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2012
teffects psmatch (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2008
teffects psmatch (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2004
teffects psmatch (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2000

teffects psmatch (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS)
teffects psmatch (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2016, atet
teffects psmatch (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2012, atet
teffects psmatch (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2008, atet
teffects psmatch (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2004, atet
teffects psmatch (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2000, atet

teffects ipw (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS)
teffects ipw (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2016
teffects ipw (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2012
teffects ipw (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2008
teffects ipw (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2004
teffects ipw (INVALID_VOTES_pct) (CONCURRENCE MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS) if YEAR==2000

* PSMATCH2
psmatch2 CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2016 , out(INVALID_VOTES_pct) ate ai(1)
psmatch2 CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2012 , out(INVALID_VOTES_pct) ate ai(1)
psmatch2 CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2008 , out(INVALID_VOTES_pct) ate ai(1)
psmatch2 CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2004 , out(INVALID_VOTES_pct) ate ai(1)
psmatch2 CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2000 , out(INVALID_VOTES_pct) ate ai(1)

psmatch2 CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2016 , out(INVALID_VOTES_pct)  neighbor(1) noreplacement ate ai(1)
psmatch2 CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2012 , out(INVALID_VOTES_pct)  neighbor(1) noreplacement ate ai(1)
psmatch2 CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2008 , out(INVALID_VOTES_pct)  neighbor(1) noreplacement ate ai(1)
psmatch2 CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2004 , out(INVALID_VOTES_pct)  neighbor(1) noreplacement ate ai(1)
psmatch2 CONCURRENCE  MALES_pct DIVORCED_pct v0_14_age_pct v65_age_pct  COLLEGE_pct SEC_MAT_EDU_pct SEC_EDU_pct PRIMARY_EDU_pct CATHOLICS_pct EMPLOYED_pct SELF_EMPLOYED_pct UNEMPLOYED_pct ELDERLY_pct LOG_INHABITANTS INHABITANTS_BUILDINGS if YEAR==2000 , out(INVALID_VOTES_pct)  neighbor(1) noreplacement ate ai(1)



